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Upon the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, Austria had to deal with the rising Brandenburg-Prussian power in the north, that replaced the Electorate of Saxony as the leading Protestant estate. The efforts made by the "Great Elector" and the "Soldier-king" Frederick William I had created a progressive state with a highly effective Prussian Army that ...
Establishing the monarchy: Austria's rise to power (1648–1740) ... This was the first of three Silesian Wars fought between Austria and Prussia in this period (1740 ...
These terms did not apply to the hereditary lands of the Habsburg monarchy, such as Lower and Upper Austria. [152] Signing of the Peace of Münster between Spain and the Dutch Republic, 30 January 1648. In terms of territorial concessions, Brandenburg-Prussia received Farther Pomerania, and the bishoprics of Magdeburg, Halberstadt, Kammin, and ...
Brandenburg-Prussia (1655–56, 1657–60) Dutch Republic: Swedish Empire Brandenburg-Prussia (1656–57) Principality of Transylvania Ukrainian Cossacks (1657) Grand Duchy of Lithuania Wallachia Moldavia: Inconclusive Treaty of Oliva; 12 April 1663 10 August 1664 Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) Holy Roman Empire League of the Rhine Ottoman Empire
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War allowed Calvinism, but Anabaptists, Arminians and other Protestant communities would still lack any support and continue to be persecuted well until the end of the empire. The Habsburg emperors focused on consolidating their own estates in Austria and elsewhere.
From the 1680s to 1789, Germany comprised many small territories which were parts of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.Prussia finally emerged as dominant. Meanwhile, the states developed a classical culture that found its greatest expression in the Enlightenment, with world class leaders such as philosophers Leibniz and Kant, writers such as Goethe and Schiller, and musicians Bach ...
The war itself can be divided into three separate but connected conflicts, the first being the Silesian Wars between Prussia and Austria. In the second, Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in Northern Italy, while the third featured an increasingly global contest between Britain and France. In the end, French conquest of the Austrian ...
After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Europe's borders were largely stable. 1708 map by Herman Moll.. International relations from 1648 to 1814 covers the major interactions of the nations of Europe, as well as the other continents, with emphasis on diplomacy, warfare, migration, and cultural interactions, from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna.