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From Latin to modern French. Manchester University Press. Sampson, Rodney (2010). Vowel Prosthesis in Romance: A Diachronic Study. Oxford University Press. Zampaulo, André (2019). Palatal sound change in the Romance languages: Diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Oxford Studies in Diachronic and Historical Linguistics. Vol. 38.
A profound change in very late spoken Latin (Vulgar Latin, the forerunner of all the Romance languages) was the restructuring of the vowel system of Classical Latin.Latin had thirteen distinct vowels: ten pure vowels (long and short versions of a, e, i, o, u ), and three diphthongs ( ae, oe, au ). [2]
Latin words in common use in English are generally fully assimilated into the English sound system, with little to mark them as foreign, for example, cranium, saliva. Other words have a stronger Latin feel to them, usually because of spelling features such as the digraphs ae and oe (occasionally written as ligatures: æ and œ , respectively ...
Intervocalic -B-and -V-merged as [β] in 'Vulgar Latin'. [84] When this sound was followed by [j], it was sometimes lost or delabialized early on, causing [βj] to yield the same outcome as /j/ (and /dj ɡj/) in some words. This can be seen in French ai from HABEO and dois from DEBEO, [85] or Spanish haya from HABEAM and (archaic) foya from ...
In French, /e/ and /ɛ/ merged by the twelfth century or so, and the distinction between /ɔ/ and /o/ was eliminated without merging by the sound changes /u/ > /y/, /o/ > /u/. Generally this led to a situation where both [e,o] and [ɛ,ɔ] occur allophonically, with the close-mid vowels in open syllables and the open-mid vowels in closed syllables .
French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.
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Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish helped shape the Vulgar Latin dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and calques (including oui, [18] the word for "yes"), [19] sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence, [20] [21] and influences in conjugation and word order.