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Ernest John Christopher Polge CBE FRS (16 August 1926 – 17 August 2006) was an English biologist, most noted for his work in cryopreservation. [3] [4]The son of a Buckinghamshire farmer, he was educated at Bootham School in York, before going to the University of Reading where he studied Agriculture, graduating with an Ordinary degree.
The electroejaculator stimulates the male causing an ejaculation, after which the semen is collected. The glove hand collection technique is used mainly in the swine industry. During this process, the boar mounts a dummy, while the handler grasps the penis of the boar between the ridges of his fingers and collects the semen. [25]
Semen can be either liquid or frozen. There are many kinds of preservatives used in dilution with semen - most contain energy and antibiotics for liquid, and protection from freezing for frozen semen. Many studies are ongoing to improve preservation, increase liquid semen storage time, and reduce or remove bacteria from semen. [12] [13] [14]
It is a fertility treatment for humans, and is a common practice in animal breeding, including dairy cattle (see frozen bovine semen) and pigs. Artificial insemination may employ assisted reproductive technology , sperm donation and animal husbandry techniques.
Using frozen semen for dairy cattle has been done since the 1950s. The oldest semen believed to be in existence was from a sire named Cottonade Emmet, who was a member of the American Breeders Service sire battery in 1952. Semen was collected on Emmet in November 1952 and has been used several times to produce offspring. However, the last time ...
This buffalo was inseminated with frozen-thawed semen of a progeny-tested bull and gave birth to a female calf, Mahima in 2013. [90] A cloned male buffalo calf Shresth was born in 2010 at the NDRI. [91]
Osborndale Ivanhoe (1952–1970), Holstein bull owned by Frances Osborne Kellogg and mated 100,187 times and whose semen was shipped all over the world. [40] Toystory (2001–2014), Holstein bull whose semen has sold more than 2.4 million units worldwide and has been estimated to have sired over 500,000 offspring [41]
Cryopreservation or cryoconservation is a process where biological material - cells, tissues, or organs - are frozen to preserve the material for an extended period of time. [1] At low temperatures (typically −80 °C (−112 °F) or −196 °C (−321 °F) using liquid nitrogen ) any cell metabolism which might cause damage to the biological ...