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Malingering is established as separate from similar forms of excessive illness behaviour, such as somatization disorder, wherein symptoms are not deliberately falsified. Another disorder is factitious disorder, which lacks a desire for secondary, external gain. [7] [6] Both of these are recognised as diagnosable by the DSM-5. However, not all ...
A factitious disorder is a mental disorder in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms, purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's role.
Ganser syndrome was listed under Factitious Disorder with Psychological Symptoms in the DSM-III. [13] The criteria of this category emphasized symptoms that cannot be explained by other mental disorders, psychological symptoms under the control of the individual, and the goal of assuming a patient role, not otherwise understandable given their circumstances.
Factitious disorders are fundamentally a mental problem, despite the repeated faking of symptoms there is no clear secondary gain. Of the factitious disorders, Munchausens is the most serious of the physical factitious disorders. Malingering is fundamentally different as it is a premeditated fraudulent behaviour for a clear seconday gain.
Factitious disorder is distinct from malingering in that people with factitious disorder do not fabricate symptoms for material gain such as financial compensation, absence from work, or access to drugs. [41] Somatiform disorders include a range of illnesses where physical symptoms result from psychological stressors. [42]
Primary gain can be a component of any disease, but is most typically demonstrated in conversion disorder — a psychiatric disorder in which stressors manifest themselves as physical symptoms without organic causes, such as a person who becomes blind after seeing a murder. The "gain" may not be particularly evident to an outside observer.
The production of seizure-like symptoms is not under voluntary control; [10] [11] symptoms which are feigned or faked voluntarily would fall under the categories of factitious disorder or malingering. [12] Risk factors for PNES include having a history of head injury, and having a diagnosis of epilepsy. [13]
Also known as factitious disorder imposed on another, Munchausen by proxy is a condition in which a caregiver creates the appearance of health problems in another person, typically their own child. This may include injuring the proxy or altering test samples.