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After World War II ended, the main four Allied powers – Great Britain, The United States, France, and the Soviet Union – jointly occupied Germany, with the Allied occupation officially ending in the 1950s. During this time, Germany was held accountable for the Allied occupation's expenses, amounting to over several billion dollars. [21]
The London Agreement on German External Debts, also known as the London Debt Agreement (German: Londoner Schuldenabkommen), was a debt relief treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and creditor nations. The Agreement was signed in London on 27 February 1953, and came into force on 16 September 1953.
The Nazi government's continued use of debt funding created a large financial deficit. However, MEFO bills were very effective in providing funds. Previous to the MEFO program, the Reichsbank was not allowed to loan more than 100 million reichsmarks to the government. [1] MEFO bills allowed billions in military and public-works funding.
This strategy failed as Germany lost the war, which left the new Weimar Republic saddled with massive war debts that it could not afford: the national debt stood at 156 billion marks in 1918. [3] The debt problem was exacerbated by printing money without any economic resources to back it. [1]
By 1938 the official admitted national debt was 19 billion Reichsmark -- but the Reichsmark 12 billion in Mefo bills has to be added on top of that. In other words, Hitler and the German Minister of Economics, Hjalmar Schacht, tripled Germany's national debt in just six years, but more than half of the increase was off the books.
Between 1933 and 1939 the total revenue of the German government amounted to 62 billion ℛ︁ℳ︁, whereas government expenditure (up to 60% of which consisted of rearmament costs) exceeded 101 billion ℛ︁ℳ︁, thus causing a huge deficit and rising national debt (reaching 38 billion ℛ︁ℳ︁ in 1939).
After World War II, according to the Potsdam conference held between July 17 and August 2, 1945, Germany was to pay the Allies US$23 billion mainly in machinery and manufacturing plants. Dismantling in the West stopped in 1950. Reparations to the Soviet Union stopped in 1953 (only paid by the GDR).
The Compulsory loan of Greece to Nazi Germany (German: Deutsche Zwangsanleihe in Griechenland), also known as the forced loan of 1942 (Greek: καταναγκαστικό δάνειο του 1942) or Occupation loan (κατοχικό δάνειο) refers to a payment for occupation costs demanded by Nazi Germany from the collaborationist Greek government during the German occupation in the ...