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Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein.The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water by mouth.
Fluid replacement or fluid resuscitation is the medical practice of replenishing bodily fluid lost through sweating, bleeding, fluid shifts or other pathologic processes. . Fluids can be replaced with oral rehydration therapy (drinking), intravenous therapy, rectally such as with a Murphy drip, or by hypodermoclysis, the direct injection of fluid into the subcutaneous tis
Due to side effects also in the patients in the operating room the product should only be used, when no other fluid for volume replacement therapy is available. This restricts HES use to the battle field as an example. [21] Due to this negative label the two largest HES producers deregistered their global HES brands in the US. [22] [23]
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is indicated in the treatment of metabolic acidosis, such as can occur in severe kidney disease, diabetic ketoacidosis [citation needed], circulatory insufficiency, extracorporeal circulation of blood, in hemolysis requiring alkalinization of the urine to avoid nephrotoxicity of blood pigments, and certain drug intoxications, such as by barbiturate overdose ...
This occurs when these over-concentrated solutions sit in the gut and draw water from the rest of the body, and the reduced fluids in the body's tissues then have a higher proportion of salt to fluid. Children with serum sodium greater 150 mmol/liter have thirst out of proportion to other signs of dehydration.
In kidney impairment, clearance is reduced, increasing the risk of adverse effects. [4] Lower initial doses are recommended in older patients (to minimize side effects) and high doses may be needed in kidney failure. [26] It can also cause kidney damage; this is mainly by loss of excessive fluid (i.e., dehydration), and is usually reversible.
IV fluids are used for a wide range of medical purposes. Some, like dehydration, can be helped with alternative methods. But others, like organ transplant surgeries, cannot.
In 1831, William Brooke O'Shaughnessy noted the changes in blood composition and loss of water and salt in the stool of people with cholera and prescribed intravenous fluid therapy (IV fluids). The prescribing of hypertonic IV therapy decreased the mortality rate of cholera to 40%, from 70%. In the West, IV therapy became the "gold standard ...