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Fish locomotion is the various types of animal locomotion used by fish, principally by swimming. This is achieved in different groups of fish by a variety of mechanisms of propulsion, most often by wave-like lateral flexions of the fish's body and tail in the water, and in various specialised fish by motions of the fins .
A great cormorant swimming. Aquatic locomotion or swimming is biologically propelled motion through a liquid medium. The simplest propulsive systems are composed of cilia and flagella. Swimming has evolved a number of times in a range of organisms including arthropods, fish, molluscs, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
If the shoal becomes more tightly organised, with the fish synchronising their swimming so they all move at the same speed and in the same direction, then the fish may be said to be schooling. [1] [3] [b] Schooling fish are usually of the same species and the same age/size. Fish schools move with the individual members precisely spaced from ...
As a guideline, nekton are larger and tend to swim largely at biologically high Reynolds numbers (>10 3 and up beyond 10 9), where inertial flows are the rule, and eddies (vortices) are easily shed. Plankton, on the other hand, are small and, if they swim at all, do so at biologically low Reynolds numbers (0.001 to 10), where the viscous ...
Similar to adaptation in avian flight, swimming behaviors in fish can be thought of as a balance of stability and maneuverability. [7] Because BCF swimming relies on more caudal body structures that can direct powerful thrust only rearwards, this form of locomotion is particularly effective for accelerating quickly and cruising continuously.
Kinematically mobuliform swimming consists of low frequency, high amplitude fin flapping with less than one waveform present on the fin at a time. In order to increase speed pelagic rays will increase the frequency of pectoral flaps. [4] Rays are at a disadvantage compared to other fish when it comes to maneuverability.
A species of mudskipper (Periophthalmus gracilis)Fin and flipper locomotion occurs mostly in aquatic locomotion, and rarely in terrestrial locomotion.From the three common states of matter — gas, liquid and solid, these appendages are adapted for liquids, mostly fresh or saltwater and used in locomotion, steering and balancing of the body.
Marlin are among the fastest fish, but speeds may be exaggerated in popular media, such as reports of 132 km/h (82 mph). [4] A 2016 study estimated maximum swimming speeds from muscle contraction times, which in turn limit the tail-beat frequency; the study suggested a theoretical upper limit for the black marlin's burst speed of 36 kilometres ...