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However, a number have been identified, including kaempferol, diosgenin (found in yam), apigenin (found in chasteberry), [1] [3] naringenin, and syringic acid, among others. [2] In addition, 3,8-dihydrodiligustilide from Ligusticum chuanxiong is a potent progestogen ( EC 50 = 90 nM), whereas riligustilide is a weak progestogen (EC 50 ≈ 81 μM).
Vitex agnus-castus (also called vitex, chaste tree / chastetree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, [1] lilac chastetree, [2] or monk's pepper) is a plant native of the Mediterranean region. It is one of the few temperate-zone species of Vitex , which is on the whole a genus of tropical and subtropical flowering plants . [ 3 ]
The main biological role of progestogens in the body is in the female reproductive system, and the male reproductive system, [19] with involvement in regulation of the menstrual cycle, maintenance of pregnancy, and preparation of the mammary glands for lactation and breastfeeding following parturition in women; in men progesterone affects ...
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Progesterone withdrawal, on the other hand, is associated with a temporary increase in sodium retention (reduced natriuresis, with an increase in extracellular fluid volume) due to the compensatory increase in aldosterone production, which combats the blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor by the previously elevated level of progesterone.
It has been hypothesized that plants use a phytoestrogen as part of their natural defense against the overpopulation of herbivore animals by controlling female fertility. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The similarities, at molecular level, of an estrogen and a phytoestrogen allow them to mildly mimic and sometimes act as an antagonist of estrogen. [ 2 ]