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Acicular ferrite is desirable in HY-80 steels because it promotes excellent yield strength and toughness. [16] Silicon – Oxide former that serves to clean and provide nucleation points for acicular ferrite. Chromium – Is a ferrite stabilizer and can combine with carbon to form chromium carbides for increased strength of the material.
Austenite, also known as gamma-phase iron (γ-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron with an alloying element. [1] In plain-carbon steel , austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1000 K (727 °C); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures.
The original Hadfield steel contained about 1.0% carbon. Other alloying agents may include metals like nickel and chromium; added most often to austenitic steels as an austenite stabilizer; molybdenum and vanadium; used in non-austenitic steels as a ferrite stabilizer; or even non-metallic elements such as silicon. [4]
Below 912 °C (1,674 °F), iron has a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure and is known as α-iron or ferrite.It is thermodynamically stable and a fairly soft metal. α-Fe can be subjected to pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a high-pressure form termed ε-Fe discussed below.
Average content by weight (%) of the major alloying elements of most common Cr-Ni austenitic stainless steel grades [5] Euronorm (EN) number [6] EN designation AISI grade [7] C Cr Mo Ni Others Melts at [8] Remark 1.4310 X10CrNi18-8 301 0.10 17.5 NS: 8 NS: 1420 For springs 1.4301 X5CrNi18-10 304 < 0.07 18.5 NS: 9 NS: 1450
Canadian-born engineer Frederick Mark Becket (1875-1942) at Union Carbide industrialised ferritic stainless steel around 1912, on the basis of "using silicon instead of carbon as a reducing agent in metal production, thus making low-carbon ferroalloys and certain steels practical". [5]
Ferrite magnets are known for their high magnetic permeability and low electrical conductivity, making them suitable for high-frequency applications. [38] In electric power steering systems, they provide the necessary magnetic field for efficient motor operation, contributing to the system's overall performance and reliability. [ 39 ]
Ferrite, a ceramic compound, is one of the most common examples of a ferrimagnetic material. A ferrimagnetic material is a material that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic moments , as in antiferromagnetism , but these moments are unequal in magnitude, so a spontaneous magnetization remains. [ 1 ]