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In other languages, the shape of the integral symbol differs slightly from the shape commonly seen in English-language textbooks. While the English integral symbol leans to the right, the German symbol (used throughout Central Europe ) is upright, and the Russian variant leans slightly to the left to occupy less horizontal space.
In mathematics, the definite integral ∫ a b f ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx} is the area of the region in the xy -plane bounded by the graph of f , the x -axis, and the lines x = a and x = b , such that area above the x -axis adds to the total, and that below the x -axis subtracts from the total.
Used in the context of a definite integral with variable x. A vertical bar can be used to separate variables from fixed parameters in a function, for example (|,), or in the notation for elliptic integrals. The double vertical bar, ‖, is also employed in mathematics.
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
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A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
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The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.