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10% calcium gluconate solution (given intravenously) is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of low blood calcium.This form of calcium is not as well absorbed as calcium lactate, [12] and it only contains 0.93% (93 mg/dL) calcium ion (defined by 1 g weight solute in 100 mL of solution to make 1% solution w/v).
Medications to treat the toxic effects include: intravenous fluids, calcium gluconate, glucagon, high dose insulin, vasopressors and lipid emulsion. [1] [2] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may also be an option. [1] More than ten thousand cases of calcium channel blocker toxicity were reported in the United States in 2010. [2]
Glucagon, sold under the brand name Baqsimi among others, is a medication and hormone. [9] As a medication it is used to treat low blood sugar, beta blocker overdose, calcium channel blocker overdose, and those with anaphylaxis who do not improve with epinephrine. [10]
Andexanet alfa, sold under the brand name Andexxa among others, is an antidote for the medications rivaroxaban and apixaban, when reversal of anticoagulation is needed due to uncontrolled bleeding. [8] It has not been found to be useful for other factor Xa inhibitors. [9] It is given by injection into a vein. [9]
The mechanism by which ethosuximide affects neuronal excitability includes block of T-type calcium channels, and may include effects of the drug on other classes of ion channel. The primary finding that ethosuximide is a T-type calcium channel blocker gained widespread support, but initial attempts to replicate the finding were inconsistent.
Intravenous calcium gluconate (or calcium chloride if a central line is available) and atropine are first-line therapies. If the time of the overdose is known and presentation is within two hours of ingestion, activated charcoal, gastric lavage, and polyethylene glycol may be used to decontaminate the gut. Efforts for gut decontamination may be ...
While Friedrich was analyzing the composition of salmon sperm, he isolated for the first time the alkaline substance of “protamine” nucleic acid in 1869 and he called it “nuclein”. [15] [16] Albrecht Kossel (1853-1927) a German biochemist showed that the substance, called "nuclein", consisted of a protein component and a non-protein ...
There is no clear first-line tocolytic agent. [6] [7] Current evidence suggests that first line treatment with β 2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, or NSAIDs to prolong pregnancy for up to 48 hours is the best course of action to allow time for glucocorticoid administration.