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[1] [2] [3] It is formed from MDMA by O-demethylation via cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP2D6 as well as CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. [1] [3] Like MDMA, HHMA is a monoamine releasing agent. [4] Along with 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine), HHMA may be involved in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA.
Administration of MDMA to mice causes DNA damage in their brain, [81] especially when the mice are sleep deprived. [82] Even at the very low doses that are comparable to those self-administered by humans, MDMA causes oxidative stress and both single and double-strand breaks in the DNA of the hippocampus region of the mouse brain. [83]
Ricaurte's retracted article on the neurotoxicity of ecstasy, originally published in Science, received attention after its findings suggested that a single night's use of MDMA could cause dopamine dysfunction. These results were considered surprising, as MDMA primarily increases the activity of serotonin. [2]
Watch this video to learn more about MDMA, otherwise known as ecstasy or molly, and the dangers that can occur when taking the drug: These Are The Facts About MDMA More from AOL.com:
"Recreational Use of Ecstasy Causes New Brain Damage: Trend to sequential doses of popular drug can have long-term lasting effects". The JHU Gazette (Johns Hopkins University Gazette). 32 (5). Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America: Johns Hopkins University. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017
The results of the study support the idea that serotonin damage due to MDMA use causes lateral inhibition to diminish amongst orientation sensitive neurons in the occipital lobe. [3] This was demonstrated by the Ecstasy group showing a greater increase in the magnitude of the TAE illusion compared to the controls. [3]
[3] [4] [5] Methamphetamine psychosis, or long-term effects of stimulant use in the brain (at the molecular level), depend upon genetics and may persist for months or years. [6] Psychosis may also result from withdrawal from stimulants, particularly when psychotic symptoms were present during use. [7]
Psychoactive drugs operate by temporarily affecting a person's neurochemistry, which in turn causes changes in a person's mood, cognition, perception and behavior. There are many ways in which psychoactive drugs can affect the brain. Each drug has a specific action on one or more neurotransmitter or neuroreceptor in the brain.