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[3] [4] This commonly includes nasal obstruction, sore throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, and the common cold. [5]: 28 Most infections are viral in nature, and in other instances, the cause is bacterial. [6] URTIs can also be fungal or helminthic in origin, but these are less common. [7]: 443–445
Acute sinusitis lasts a maximum of 12 weeks. The clinical symptoms of acute rhinosinusitis are purulent nasal secretion, nasal obstruction and/or tension headache or feeling of fullness in the facial area. Acute rhinosinusitis can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection – a distinction is not possible during the first days.
Sinusitis is a condition that affects both children and adults. It is caused by a combination of environmental and a person's individual health factors. [ 8 ] It can occur in individuals with allergies , exposure to environmental irritants, structural abnormalities of the nasal cavity and sinuses and poor immune function . [ 9 ]
The pain can ultimately become disabling unless the ambient pressure is reversed. The pressure difference causes the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become swollen and submucosal bleeding follows with further difficulties ventilating the sinus, especially if the orifices are involved. Ultimately fluid or blood will fill the space.
If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result. [6] If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube , it may result in ear pain or an ear infection . Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip , resulting in a sore throat or coughing. [ 6 ]
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Nasal congestion can interfere with hearing and speech. Significant congestion may interfere with sleep, cause snoring, and can be associated with sleep apnea or upper airway resistance syndrome. [5] In children, nasal congestion from enlarged adenoids has caused chronic sleep apnea with insufficient oxygen levels and hypoxia.
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