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The attack began April 12, 1861, and continued until Anderson, badly outnumbered and outgunned, surrendered the fort on April 14. The battle began the American Civil War, as an overwhelming demand for war swept both the North and South, with only Kentucky attempting to remain neutral. [178]
The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. [47] Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major Robert Anderson.
In the many decades between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, such divisions became increasingly irreconcilable and contentious. [1] Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln as president on November 6, 1860.
Alan Guebert shares parts of an essay, written by historian Ted Widmer, that examines Abraham Lincoln's 1861 Fourth of July, his first as president. Fighting had not started, but Lincoln won the ...
Towers, Frank. "Partisans, New History, and Modernization: The Historiography of the Civil War's Causes, 1861–2011." Journal of the Civil War Era 1.2 (2011): 237-264. online; Woods, Michael E. "What twenty-first-century historians have said about the causes of disunion: A Civil war sesquicentennial review of the recent literature."
Sumter: The First Day of the Civil War. Chelsea, Michigan: Scarborough House. ISBN 081283111X. Klein, Maury (1997). Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44747-4. Larson, Erik (2024). The Demon of Unrest: A Saga of Hubris, Heartbreak, and Heroism at the Dawn of the Civil ...
The First Battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861, was the first major land battle of the war.Until this time, the North was generally confident about its prospects for quickly crushing the rebellion with an easy, direct strike against the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.
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