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A meta-analysis concluded that supplementation with β-carotene does not appear to decrease the risk of cancer overall, nor specific cancers including: pancreatic, colorectal, prostate, breast, melanoma, or skin cancer generally. [8] [40] High levels of β-carotene may increase the risk of lung cancer in current and former smokers.
Long-term use of beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E supplements may shorten life, [2] and increase the risk of lung cancer in people who smoke (especially those smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day), former smokers, people exposed to asbestos, and those who use alcohol. [21]
Also downregulated is the enzyme beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (formerly known as beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase) coded for by the BCMO1 gene, responsible for symmetrically cleaving β-carotene into retinal. [8] Absorbed β-carotene is either incorporated as such into chylomicrons or first converted to retinal and then retinol, bound to ...
In setting human nutrient guidelines, government organizations do not necessarily agree on amounts needed to avoid deficiency or maximum amounts to avoid the risk of toxicity. [59] [11] [60] For example, for vitamin C, recommended intakes range from 40 mg/day in India [65] to 155 mg/day for the European Union. [66]
The term carotene (also carotin, from the Latin carota, "carrot" [1] [2]) is used for many related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the formula C 40 H x, which are synthesized by plants but in general cannot be made by animals (with the exception of some aphids and spider mites which acquired the synthesizing genes from fungi). [3]
The US Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin C for adult women is 76 mg/day and for adult men 90 mg/day. Although Linus Pauling was known for highly respectable research in chemistry and biochemistry, he was also known for promoting the consumption of vitamin C in large doses. [ 25 ]
Women over 40 should get breast cancer screenings every other year, according to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. But some doctors think scans should be annual.
Aside from tomatoes or tomato products like ketchup, it is found in watermelons, grapefruits, red guavas, and baked beans. [4] It has no vitamin A activity. [4]In plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms, lycopene is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids, including beta-carotene, which is responsible for yellow, orange, or red pigmentation, photosynthesis, and ...