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1917 A Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams by Sigmund Freud; 1920 Supplements to the Theory of Dreams by Sigmund Freud; 1922 Dreams and Telepathy by Sigmund Freud; Étienne Perrot (2007). Les Rêves et la vie. La Fontaine de pierre (in French). Paris: Éditions du Dauphin. ISBN 978-2-7163-1333-9. Marie Louise von Franz (2008).
Freud considered that the experience of anxiety dreams and nightmares was the result of failures in the dream-work: rather than contradicting the "wish-fulfillment" theory, such phenomena demonstrated how the ego reacted to the awareness of repressed wishes that were too powerful and insufficiently disguised. Traumatic dreams (where the dream ...
The psychoanalysts that use dream interpretation most often will use the Freudian dream theory. If there are other therapists, such as humanistic and cognitive-behavior therapists, that use dream interpretation in therapy; they are more likely to use a different method than the Freudian dream theory a majority of the time.
Finally, some authors have also argued that dreams in themselves have no psychological meaning or motivational basis, [9] [3] and that dreaming is merely a "random by-product of the REM sleep state". [3] Despite advances in dream science, key questions about the meaning and functions of dreams remain open in dream research and theory.
Emotional selection is a psychological theory of dreaming that describes non-REM dreams as modifying mental schemas and REM dreams as testing prior non-REM modifications. [1] [2] The schemas modified and tested by emotional selection are those essential for meeting human needs, such as those defined by Abraham Maslow and Henry Murray. For ...
All this arousal has to be discharged in dreams. Dreaming takes up a large amount of the brain’s energy, as the PGO spikes are continually firing, so depressed people tend to wake early but exhausted and lacking in motivation, setting the scene for more worry and distress the following day. (This has been termed the cycle of depression. [12])
Currently, a three-dimensional model called AIM Model, described below, is used to determine the different states of the brain over the course of the day and night. The AIM Model introduces a new hypothesis that primary consciousness is an important building block on which secondary consciousness is constructed.
A common distinction among theories of motivation is between content theories and process theories. Content theories attempt to identify and describe the internal factors that motivate people, such as different types of needs, drives, and desires. They examine which goals motivate people.