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The symbols of the four Evangelists are here depicted in the Book of Kells. The four winged creatures symbolize, top to bottom, left to right: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Matthew the Evangelist, the author of the first gospel account, is symbolized by a winged man, or angel.
The traditional symbols of the Evangelists were often included in the images, or especially in the Insular tradition, either given their own additional images on a separate page, or used instead of an evangelist portrait. The symbols are: the Lion of Mark, the Eagle of John, the Ox or Calf of Luke and the Angel or Man of Matthew.
The symbols of the tetramorphs were most common in the Middle Ages until the Romanesque period before they fell out of favour and images of the Evangelists in their human forms became more common. However, the tetramorphs were still used and were found in artwork of the Renaissance and even in modern art .
Each of the evangelist created one gospel, and their symbols correlate to the gospel contents. [3] Matthew is a winged-man, which connects to his gospel containing information about Gods possible relation to king David. Mark's symbol is a lion because of his crying resembling a lions roar.
These symbols were attributed to their respective saints not only as a means of identification, but to also personify the mission of the Protestant Reformation Dürer had recently joined. [2] The symbols associated with each apostle are: St. John the Evangelist: Open book; St. Peter: Key; St. Mark: Scroll; St. Paul: Sword and Closed book
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In the West the image showed a full-length enthroned Christ, often in a mandorla or other geometrical frame, surrounded by the symbols of the Four Evangelists, representing the vision of Chapters 4 and 5 of the Book of Revelation. In the Romanesque period the twenty-four elders of the Apocalypse are often seen. Christ also holds a book and ...
The other two Evangelists cannot be identified, due to a lack of attributes. A head study of Abraham Grapheus, keeper of the hall for the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke has been used for the head of Saint Matthew. [1] All four evangelist stand erect, and are seen only from the knees upwards. Their eyes are fixed upon the book which lies open on a ...