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An osteoclast is a large multinucleated cell and human osteoclasts on bone typically have four nuclei [5] and are 150–200 μm in diameter. When osteoclast-inducing cytokines are used to convert macrophages to osteoclasts, very large cells that may reach 100 μm in diameter occur. These may have dozens of nuclei, and typically express major ...
Many believed osteoclasts and osteoblasts came from the same progenitor cell. Because of this, osteoclasts were thought to be derived from cells in connective tissue. Studies that observed that bone resorption could be restored by bone marrow and spleen transplants helped prove osteoclasts' hematopoietic origin. [3]
TREM2 is expressed by microglia [30] and osteoclasts, and is involved in development and/or maintenance of brain and bone. [19] In mice, TREM2 is involved in synaptic pruning, a process of shaping neuronal circuitry by microglia- and astrocyte-mediated removal of excessive synapses via phagocytosis.
CCL2 expression in glial cells is increased in epilepsy, [23] [24] brain ischemia [25] Alzheimer's disease [26] experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), [27] and traumatic brain injury. [28] Hypomethylation of CpG sites within the CCL2 promoter region is affected by high levels of blood glucose and TG, which increase CCL2 levels in the ...
Osteoclasts break down bone tissue, and along with osteoblasts and osteocytes form the structural components of bone. In the hollow within bones are many other cell types of the bone marrow . Components that are essential for osteoblast bone formation include mesenchymal stem cells (osteoblast precursor) and blood vessels that supply oxygen and ...
As well as susceptibility to breaks and fractures, osteoporosis can lead to other complications. Bone fractures from osteoporosis can lead to disability and an increased risk of death after the injury in elderly people. [29] Osteoporosis can decrease the quality of life, increase disabilities, and increase the financial costs to health care ...
Osteoclasts are critical for the bone remodeling cycle which is achieved by the building of bone by osteoblasts, reabsorption by osteoclasts, and remodeling by osteoblasts. [10] Osteoclasts precursor cells and mature osteoclast require stimulation of CSF1R for survival.
A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force. TBI can be classified based on severity ranging from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI/concussion) to severe traumatic brain injury. [ 5 ]