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A nail disease or onychosis is a disease or deformity of the nail. Although the nail is a structure produced by the skin and is a skin appendage , nail diseases have a distinct classification as they have their own signs and symptoms which may relate to other medical conditions.
Onychomycosis occurs in about 10 percent of the adult population, [2] with older people more frequently affected. [2] Males are affected more often than females. [3] Onychomycosis represents about half of nail disease. [2] It was first determined to be the result of a fungal infection in 1853 by Georg Meissner. [6]
Although overall well-being is not typically determined by nail health, fissures, nail fissures (or breaks) and calcium spots are minor indications of inner health. [2] Hapalonychia is known to occur in persons with myxedema, rheumatoid arthritis, anorexia, bulimia, Hansen's disease, Raynaud phenomenon, oral retinoid therapy, and radiodermatitis.
Onychauxis presents with thickened nails without deformity, and this simple thickening may be the result of trauma, acromegaly, Darier's disease, psoriasis, or pityriasis rubra pilaris, or, in some cases, hereditary. [1]: 783 [2] It may appear as loss of nail palate translucency, discoloration, and subungual hyperkeratosis.
Onychomadesis is a periodic idiopathic shedding of the nails beginning at the proximal end, possibly caused by the temporary arrest of the function of the nail matrix. [ 1 ] : 784 [ 2 ] : 660 One cause in children is hand, foot, and mouth disease . [ 3 ]
Koilonychia (spoon nails) Kyrle disease; Leukonychia (white nails) Lichen planopilaris (acuminatus, follicular lichen planus, lichen planus follicularis, peripilaris) Lichen planus of the nails; Lichen spinulosus (keratosis spinulosa) Lipedematous alopecia (lipedematous scalp) Localized acquired hypertrichosis; Localized congenital hypertrichosis
It is a nail disease prevalent in individuals whose hands or feet are subject to moist local environments, and is often due to contact dermatitis. [13]: 660 In chronic paronychia, the cuticle separates from the nail plate, leaving the region between the proximal nail fold and the nail plate vulnerable to infection.
When the condition occurs on all the twenty nails of the fingers and toes, it is known as twenty-nail dystrophy, most evident in childhood, [4] favoring males. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Trachyonychia causes the nails to become opalescent, thin, dull, fragile, and finely longitudinally ridged, and, as a result, distally notched. [ 6 ]