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The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth Century City (Academic Press, 1979). Graff, Harvey J. ed. Literacy and social development in the West: A reader (Cambridge UP, 1981), scholarly studies of many countries; Guzzetti, Barbara, ed. Literacy in America: An Encyclopedia of History, Theory, and Practice (ABC-CLIO, 2002)
The reading skills of children continue to slide, with just 67% of students in eighth grade scoring at or above a basic level in 2024. Among fourth-graders, ...
About 70% of adults in the U.S. prison system read at or below the fourth-grade level, according to the 2003 National Adult Literacy Survey, noting that a "link between academic failure and delinquency, violence and crime is welded to reading failure." [9] 85% of US juvenile inmates are functionally illiterate. [8]
Research from Attendance Works indicates students who miss just two days a month are at a heightened risk of not reading at grade level by the third grade, failing courses by middle school and ...
Unequal access to education in the United States results in unequal outcomes for students. Disparities in academic access among students in the United States are the result of multiple factors including government policies, school choice, family wealth, parenting style, implicit bias towards students' race or ethnicity, and the resources available to students and their schools.
Generally public schooling in rural areas did not extend beyond the elementary grades for either whites or blacks. This was known as "eighth grade school" [37] After 1900, some cities began to establish high schools, primarily for middle class whites. In the 1930s roughly one fourth of the US population still lived and worked on farms and few ...
In the case of middle-income countries, many education systems are also failing to facilitate the learning of children who are attending school. In South Africa, 78 percent of children do not learn to read for meaning in the first three years of school. [18] In India, more than half of the Grade 5 students have not mastered Grade 2 literacy. [19]
Grade retention or grade repetition is the process of a student repeating a grade after failing the previous year. In the United States of America , grade retention can be used in kindergarten through to third grade; however, students in high school are usually only retained in the specific failed subject.