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Such treatments generally have no long-term effect on the individual's belief in an odor symptom. [1] If non-psychiatric clinicians refuse to carry out treatment on the basis that there is no real odor and offer to refer the patient to a psychologist or psychiatrist, persons with ORS typically refuse and instead seek "a better" doctor or dentist.
Bad breath, also known as halitosis, is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant breath odour is present. [1] It can result in anxiety among those affected. [1] It is also associated with depression and symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder.
[5] [13] [14] It is not known if depression is a cause or result of BMS, as depression may develop in any setting of constant unrelieved irritation, pain, and sleep disturbance. [ 5 ] [ 12 ] [ 15 ] It is estimated that about 20% of BMS cases involve psychogenic factors , [ 14 ] and some consider BMS a psychosomatic illness , [ 5 ] [ 13 ] caused ...
The cause of dysosmia still remains a theory. It is typically considered a neurological disorder and clinical associations with the disorder have been made. [ 3 ] Most cases are described as idiopathic and the main antecedents related to parosmia are URTIs , head trauma , and nasal and paranasal sinus disease. [ 4 ]
Furthermore, the researchers noted a positive association between reduced ability to smell TMHA and greater severity of disorganised and negative symptoms. [ 4 ] An allusion to TMHA and its purported link to the smell of the mentally ill is made in the 1996 David Foster Wallace novel, Infinite Jest , [ 7 ] and in the 1988 novel The Silence of ...
The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
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