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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
The first scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes, developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter and popularly known as the "Richter" scale, is actually the local magnitude scale, label ML or M L. [11] Richter established two features now common to all magnitude scales.
Two scales were developed, one based on surface waves, , and one on body waves, . Surface waves with a period near 20 s generally produce the largest amplitudes on a standard long-period seismograph, and so the amplitude of these waves is used to determine M s {\displaystyle M_{s}} , using an equation similar to that used for M L {\displaystyle ...
The slopes differ by a factor of two on a logarithmic scale, hence the 10-fold comment. I am cautious about the data - they were obtained from the en.Wikipedia article, but looks too clean: they appears the product from an analytic (power law) fit, whereas earthquake intensities does not actually follow a power law distribution (see Clauset 2007 ).
This scale is also known as the Richter scale, but news media sometimes use that term indiscriminately to refer to other similar scales.) The local magnitude scale was developed on the basis of shallow (~15 km (9 mi) deep), moderate-sized earthquakes at a distance of approximately 100 to 600 km (62 to 373 mi), conditions where the surface waves ...
B. Gutenberg and C. F. Richter, Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena, Princeton University Press, 1949 OCLC 1323229850. Jon D. Pelletier, "Spring-block models of seismicity: review and analysis of a structurally heterogeneous model coupled to the viscous asthenosphere" Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes , American ...
Here two scales represent known values and the third is the scale where the result is read off. The simplest such equation is u 1 + u 2 + u 3 = 0 for the three variables u 1 , u 2 and u 3 . An example of this type of nomogram is shown on the right, annotated with terms used to describe the parts of a nomogram.
The JMA intensity scale differs from magnitude measurements like the moment magnitude (Mw) and the earlier Richter scales, which represent how much energy an earthquake releases. Similar to the Mercalli scale, the JMA scale measures the intensities of ground shaking at various observation points within the affected area.