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Phage "organismal" ecology is the most closely aligned of phage ecology disciplines with the classical molecular and molecular genetic analyses of bacteriophage. From the perspective of ecological subdisciplines , we can also consider phage behavioral ecology , functional ecology , and physiological ecology under the heading of phage ...
Structural model at atomic resolution of bacteriophage T4 [1] The structure of a typical myovirus bacteriophage Anatomy and infection cycle of bacteriophage T4.. A bacteriophage (/ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ /), also known informally as a phage (/ ˈ f eɪ dʒ /), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.
Bacteriophages and Biofilms: Ecology, Phage Therapy, Plaques. Nova Science Publishers , Hauppauge, New York. Partial online version is also available, constituting effectively a " first edition ".
The phage first adheres to the cell surface with its tail parallel to or leaning at an angle to the cell surface in the pre-infection stage. The tail then firmly stands on the cell surface and extends its fibers horizontally, rendering the phage infection-competent, after which viral DNA is released into the cell through an extensible tube. [21]
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The older phage literature contains numerous references to phage virulence, and phage virulence evolution. However, the reader should be warned that virulence is often used as a synonym for "not temperate", a usage which is neither employed here nor to be encouraged generally.
[9] [10] Currently, the suggested procedure of naming strains is as follows: Cyanophage Xx-YYZaa, where Xx is the first two letters of the genus and species names of the host that the type specimen phage is found in, YY is the origin of the specimen, Z is the virus family, and aa is the reference number of the virus.
Induction of prophages allows hosts to compete in the microbial ecology by infecting and lysing susceptible bacteria. [10] Phages also enable the host to pick up and integrate antibiotic resistance genes from nearby cells. [9] [10] [8] [11] Additionally, phages can enable the host to acquire virulence and pathogenicity genes.