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The predecessor of a natural number (excluding zero) is the previous natural number and is the result of subtracting one from that number. For example, the successor of zero is one, and the predecessor of eleven is ten ( 0 + 1 = 1 {\displaystyle 0+1=1} and 11 − 1 = 10 {\displaystyle 11-1=10} ).
The grid method (also known as the box method) of multiplication is an introductory approach to multi-digit multiplication calculations that involve numbers larger than ten. Because it is often taught in mathematics education at the level of primary school or elementary school , this algorithm is sometimes called the grammar school method.
The lattice technique can also be used to multiply decimal fractions. For example, to multiply 5.8 by 2.13, the process is the same as to multiply 58 by 213 as described in the preceding section. To find the position of the decimal point in the final answer, one can draw a vertical line from the decimal point in 5.8, and a horizontal line from ...
If a positional numeral system is used, a natural way of multiplying numbers is taught in schools as long multiplication, sometimes called grade-school multiplication, sometimes called the Standard Algorithm: multiply the multiplicand by each digit of the multiplier and then add up all the properly shifted results.
Four bags with three marbles per bag gives twelve marbles (4 × 3 = 12). Multiplication can also be thought of as scaling. Here, 2 is being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result. Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6 4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is made up of 20 squares, each 1 unit by 1 unit.
Multiplication is often defined for natural numbers, then extended to whole numbers, fractions, and irrational numbers. However, abstract algebra has a more general definition of multiplication as a binary operation on some objects that may or may not be numbers. Notably, one can multiply complex numbers, vectors, matrices, and quaternions.
Number theory began with the manipulation of numbers, that is, natural numbers (), and later expanded to integers and rational numbers (). Number theory was once called arithmetic, but nowadays this term is mostly used for numerical calculations . [ 15 ]
where x is a variable we are interested in solving for, we can use cross-multiplication to determine that =. For example, suppose we want to know how far a car will travel in 7 hours, if we know that its speed is constant and that it already travelled 90 miles in the last 3 hours.