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Christian liturgical procession from the Ottoman Empire, depicted by Lambert de Vos in 1574. Under the Ottoman Empire's millet system, Christians and Jews were considered dhimmi (meaning "protected") under Ottoman law in exchange for loyalty to the state and payment of the jizya tax. [1] [2] Orthodox Christians were the largest non-Muslim group.
Tekfur (Ottoman Turkish: تكور, romanized: tekvur) was a title used in the late Seljuk and early Ottoman periods to refer to independent or semi-independent minor Christian rulers or local Byzantine governors in Asia Minor and Thrace.
During the Ottoman Empire, Turkish Christians were often overlooked, as their population was less than that of Armenians and Greeks, and all Christians were grouped together as a single millet. Throughout the Turkish War of Independence , many Christian Turks were actively loyal to the Turkish National Movement .
Such a warrior was known in Ottoman Turkish as a ghazi, and thus this thesis sees the early Ottoman state as a "Ghazi State," defined by an ideology of holy war. The Ghaza Thesis dominated early Ottoman historiography throughout much of the twentieth century before coming under increasing criticism beginning in the 1980s. [2]
Turgut Bey (Ottoman Turkish: طورغود آلپ) was one of the warriors and Bey's who fought for Ertuğrul, a Turkoman leader and bey, and Ertuğrul's son Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. [3] [1] After the establishment of the Empire, he became one of its military commanders, serving Osman I, as well as his son, Orhan Gazi. [4]
The Bible was first translated into Ottoman Turkish in the 17th century by Wojciech Bobowski, a Polish convert to Islam. He is also known as Ali Bey. He is also known as Ali Bey. The New Testament from his manuscript was printed in Paris in 1819, then revised and printed with the Old Testament in 1827.
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The Ottoman Empire [k] (/ ˈ ɒ t ə m ə n / ⓘ), also called the Turkish Empire, [23] [24] was an imperial realm [l] that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. [25] [26] [27]