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A bulk carrier or bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo—such as grain, coal, ore, steel coils, and cement—in its cargo holds. Since the first specialized bulk carrier was built in 1852, economic forces have led to increased size and sophistication of these ships.
Chinamax is a standard of ship measurements that allow conforming ships to use various harbours when fully laden, the maximum size of such a ship being 24 m (79 ft) draft, 65 m (213 ft) beam and 360 m (1,180 ft) length overall. [1] [2] An example of ships of this size is the Valemax bulk carriers.
Compared to larger bulk carriers, handysizes carry a wider variety of cargo types. These include steel products, grain, metal ores, phosphate, cement, logs, woodchips and other types of so-called 'break bulk cargo'. They are numerically the most common size of bulk carrier, with nearly 2000 units in service totalling about 43 million tons.
HMM Algeciras-class container ship: Container ship: 399.9 m (1,312 ft) 61.5 m (202 ft) 16.53 m (54.2 ft) 232,311 In service Samsung Heavy Industries: Hyundai Merchant Marine [27] HMM Rotterdam: In service [28] HMM Southampton: In service [29] HMM Stockholm: In service [30] HMM St Petersburg: In service [31] MSC Apolline: Gülsün-class ...
A handymax ship is typically 150–200 m (492–656 ft) in length, though certain bulk terminal restrictions, such as those in Japan, mean that many handymax ships are just under 190 meters (623 ft) in overall length. Modern handymax and supramax designs are typically 52,000 58,000 t DWT in size, have five cargo holds and four cranes of around ...
Valemax (68 ships) 360–362 m (1,181–1,188 ft) 380,000–400,000 DWT: 200,000 GT: 2011– In service As of 2018, there are five different ship designs that are referred to as Valemax ships. [14] Berge Stahl: 342 m (1,122 ft) 364,767 DWT: 175,720 GT: 1986–2021 Broken up Berge Stahl was the longest and largest bulk carrier in 1986–2011. [15]
As of 2009, the average age of container ships worldwide was 10.6 years, making them the youngest general vessel type, followed by bulk carriers at 16.6 years, oil tankers at 17 years, general cargo ships at 24.6 years, and others at 25.3 years.
[1] [47] [129] [130] The size of the ships is limited mainly by Chinese ports and the ships of this size are generally referred to as Chinamax vessels. The largest bulk carriers ever built, the Valemax vessels have seven cargo holds with a total gross volume of almost 220,000 cubic metres (287,749 cu yd). [121]