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Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide, sold under the brand name Hyzaar among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat high blood pressure when losartan is not sufficient. [1] [2] It consists of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker; and hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic. [1] [2] It is taken by mouth. [1] [2]
Losartan is excreted in the urine, and in the feces via bile, as unchanged drug and metabolites. [44] About 4% of an oral dose is excreted unchanged in urine, and about 6% is excreted in urine as the active metabolite. [44] The terminal elimination half-lives of losartan and EXP3174 are about 1.5 to 2.5 hours and 3 to 9 hours, respectively. [44]
Losartan, valsartan, candesartan, irbesartan, telmisartan and olmesartan all contain a biphenyl-methyl group. Losartan is partly metabolized to its 5- carboxylic acid metabolite EXP 3174, which is a more potent AT 1 receptor antagonist than its parent compound [ 17 ] and has been a model for the continuing development of several other ARBs.
Valsartan, sold under the brand name Diovan among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. [8] It belongs to a class of medications referred to as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).
Biphenyl (also known as diphenyl, phenylbenzene, 1,1′-biphenyl, lemonene [4] or BP) is an organic compound that forms colorless crystals. Particularly in older literature, compounds containing the functional group consisting of biphenyl less one hydrogen (the site at which it is attached) may use the prefixes xenyl or diphenylyl .
Egypt is a lower-middle-income country with high levels of unemployment. Despite the government's efforts to further the economy, 32.5% of Egyptians live in extreme poverty. With an increasing population and changing socioeconomic environment, Egypt faces great challenges in adapting to such developments in terms of healthcare facilities. [21]
The primary use of 2-phenylphenol is as an agricultural fungicide. It is generally applied post-harvest. It is a fungicide used for waxing citrus fruits.It is no longer a permitted food additive in the European Union, but is still allowed as a post-harvest treatment in 4 EU countries.
Smoking in Egypt is prevalent, with 19 billion cigarettes smoked annually in Egypt making it the largest cigarette market in the Arab world. [24] Inside cafes, hookah (shisha) smoking is common. As of 2012 smoking in Egypt has reached an all-time high with an estimated twenty percent, ten million people, regularly using tobacco products. [25]