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Both the moderate Enlightenment and a radical or revolutionary Enlightenment were reactions against the authoritarianism, irrationality, and obscurantism of the established churches. Philosophers such as Voltaire depicted organized religion as hostile to the development of reason and the progress of science and incapable of verification.
The Enlightenment constituted a new challenge of the Church. Unlike the Protestant Reformation , which questioned certain Christian doctrines, the Enlightenment questioned Christianity as a whole. Generally, it elevated human reason above divine revelation and down-graded religious authorities such as the papacy based on it [ 6 ]
Schmitt, Karl. "The Clergy and the Enlightenment in Latin America: An Analysis." The Americas, April 1959 (vol. 15), no. 4. Shafer, Robert J. The Economic Societies in the Spanish World (1763-1821). Syracuse: 1958. Tarragó, Rafael E. "Science and religion in the Spanish American Enlightenment." Catholic Social Science Review 10 (2005): 181-196.
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The relations between the Catholic Church and the state have been constantly evolving with various forms of government, some of them controversial in retrospect. In its history, the Church has had to deal with various concepts and systems of governance, from the Roman Empire to the medieval divine right of kings, from nineteenth- and twentieth-century concepts of democracy and pluralism to the ...
The race has, in effect, split the community in three. There’s a slate of school board candidates backed by a far-right Christian cellphone company that’s affiliated with Cruz and Barton.
The US census has never asked Americans directly about their religion or religious beliefs, but it did compile statistics from each denomination starting in 1945. [ 12 ] Finke and Stark conducted a statistical analysis of the official census data after 1850, and Atlas for 1776, to estimate the number of Americans who were adherents to a ...
Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America Oxford University Press, 1988 online edition Archived 2012-07-21 at the Wayback Machine; Butler, Jon. Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People. 1990. Butler, Jon, et al. Religion in American Life: A Short History (2011) Dolan, Jay P.