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"A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." [1]: 38 The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. [1]
For example, "11" represents the number eleven in the decimal or base-10 numeral system (today, the most common system globally), the number three in the binary or base-2 numeral system (used in modern computers), and the number two in the unary numeral system (used in tallying scores). The number the numeral represents is called its value.
The number system of classical Greece also used powers of ten, including an intermediate base of 5, as did Roman numerals. [23] Notably, the polymath Archimedes (c. 287–212 BCE) invented a decimal positional system in his Sand Reckoner which was based on 10 8. [23] [24] Hittite hieroglyphs (since 15th century BCE) were also strictly decimal. [25]
In the decimal (base-10) Hindu–Arabic numeral system, each position starting from the right is a higher power of 10. The first position represents 10 0 (1), the second position 10 1 (10), the third position 10 2 ( 10 × 10 or 100), the fourth position 10 3 ( 10 × 10 × 10 or 1000), and so on.
The bijective base-10 system is a base ten positional numeral system that does not use a digit to represent zero. It instead has a digit to represent ten, such as A. As with conventional decimal, each digit position represents a power of ten, so for example 123 is "one hundred, plus two tens, plus three units."
Quinary numeral system (base 5) Pentadic numerals – Runic notation for presenting numbers; Senary numeral system (base 6) Septenary numeral system (base 7) Octal numeral system (base 8) Nonary (novenary) numeral system (base 9) Decimal (denary) numeral system (base 10) Bi-quinary coded decimal – Numeral encoding scheme; Negative base ...
In a positional numeral system, the radix (pl.: radices) or base is the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers.For example, for the decimal system (the most common system in use today) the radix is ten, because it uses the ten digits from 0 through 9.
Sexagesimal numerals were a mixed radix system that retained the alternating base 10 and base 6 in a sequence of cuneiform vertical wedges and chevrons. By 1950 BC, this was a positional notation system. Sexagesimal numerals came to be widely used in commerce, but were also used in astronomical and other calculations.