Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
A basic result for discrete-time centralized systems with only additive uncertainty is the certainty equivalence property: [2] that the optimal control solution in this case is the same as would be obtained in the absence of the additive disturbances. This property is applicable to all centralized systems with linear equations of evolution ...
In the systems sciences system equivalence is the behavior of a parameter or component of a system in a way similar to a parameter or component of a different system. Similarity means that mathematically the parameters and components will be indistinguishable from each other. Equivalence can be very useful in understanding how complex systems work.
More specifically, an equation represents a binary relation (i.e., a two-argument predicate) which may produce a truth value (true or false) from its arguments. In computer programming, the computation from the two expressions is known as comparison. [20] An equation can be used to define a set, called its solution set.
Two metrics and on X are strongly or bilipschitz equivalent or uniformly equivalent if and only if there exist positive constants and such that, for every ,, (,) (,) (,).In contrast to the sufficient condition for topological equivalence listed above, strong equivalence requires that there is a single set of constants that holds for every pair of points in , rather than potentially different ...
Computational irreducibility explains why many natural systems are hard to predict or simulate. The Principle of Computational Equivalence implies these systems are as computationally powerful as any designed computer.
In logic and mathematics, statements and are said to be logically equivalent if they have the same truth value in every model. [1] The logical equivalence of p {\displaystyle p} and q {\displaystyle q} is sometimes expressed as p ≡ q {\displaystyle p\equiv q} , p :: q {\displaystyle p::q} , E p q {\displaystyle {\textsf {E}}pq} , or p q ...
Two equations or two systems of equations are equivalent, if they have the same set of solutions. The following operations transform an equation or a system of equations into an equivalent one – provided that the operations are meaningful for the expressions they are applied to: Adding or subtracting the same quantity to both sides of an ...
The equality equivalence relation is the finest equivalence relation on any set, while the universal relation, which relates all pairs of elements, is the coarsest. The relation " ∼ {\displaystyle \sim } is finer than ≈ {\displaystyle \approx } " on the collection of all equivalence relations on a fixed set is itself a partial order ...