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In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho – (or o –), meta – (or m –), and para – (or p –) as indicated in the adjacent diagram.
For example, consider radical bromination of toluene: [5] bromination of toluene with hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water. This reaction takes place on water instead of an organic solvent and the bromine is obtained from oxidation of hydrobromic acid with hydrogen peroxide. An incandescent light bulb suffices to radicalize.
Toluene (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u iː n /), also known as toluol (/ ˈ t ɒ l. j u. ɒ l , - ɔː l , - oʊ l / ), is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon [ 15 ] with the chemical formula C 6 H 5 CH 3 , often abbreviated as PhCH 3 , where Ph stands for the phenyl group.
Bromatometry is a titration process in which the bromination of a chemical indicator is observed. [ 1 ] Potassium bromate alone can be used for the analysis of organoarsenicals .
Due to the high toxicity and ozone-depleting nature of carbon tetrachloride, trifluorotoluene has been proposed as an alternative solvent suitable for the Wohl-Ziegler bromination. [ 6 ] The corresponding chlorination reaction cannot generally be achieved with N- chlorosuccinimide, [ 7 ] although more specialized reagents have been developed ...
The NBS product precipitates and can be collected by filtration. [2] Crude NBS gives better yield in the Wohl–Ziegler reaction. In other cases, impure NBS (slightly yellow in color) may give unreliable results. It can be purified by recrystallization from 90 to 95 °C water (10 g of NBS for 100 mL of water). [1]
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDEs, are a class of organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants.Like other brominated flame retardants, PBDEs have been used in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, [1] and textiles.
Project production management (PPM) [1] [2] is the application of operations management [2] [3] to the delivery of capital projects. The PPM framework is based on a project as a production system view, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] in which a project transforms inputs (raw materials, information, labor, plant & machinery) into outputs (goods and services).