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Deepwater drilling, [1] or deep well drilling, [2] is the process of creating holes in the Earth's crust using a drilling rig for oil extraction under the deep sea. There are approximately 3400 deepwater wells in the Gulf of Mexico with depths greater than 150 meters. [3] [full citation needed]
Modern drilling techniques utilize long drill shafts, producing holes much narrower and deeper than could be produced by digging. Well drilling can be done either manually or mechanically and the nature of required equipment varies from extremely simple and cheap to very sophisticated.
Drilling at Kola SG-3 began on 24 May 1970 using the Uralmash-4E, a serial drilling rig used for drilling oil wells. The rig was slightly modified to be able to reach a 7,000-metre (23,000 ft) depth. In 1974, the new purpose-built Uralmash-15000 drilling rig was installed onsite, named after the new target depth, set at 15,000 metres (49,000 ft).
The core of the research is held in Research Centre for Deep Drilling which was opened in the premises of Slovak Academy of Sciences. Only a very small number of companies have embraced this method, e.g. GA Drilling, headquartered in Bratislava, Slovakia. Plasmatorch using water steam as plasma-creation gas
The daily rates of offshore drilling rigs vary by their depth capability, and the market availability. Rig rates reported by industry web service [26] show that the deepwater water floating drilling rigs are over twice the daily cost of the shallow water fleet, and rates for jack-up fleet can vary by factor of 3 depending upon capability.
When offshore drilling moved into deeper waters of up to 30 metres (98 ft), fixed platform rigs were built, until demands for drilling equipment was needed in the 100 feet (30 m) to 120 metres (390 ft) depth of the Gulf of Mexico, the first jack-up rigs began appearing from specialized offshore drilling contractors. [11]
[4] [5] During drilling operations, complex accidents such as gas invasion and overflow are prone to occur. [6] In addition, deep strata have poor diagenesis, weak pressure bearing capacity, so leakage is easy to happen, the risk of well control is high, and the treatment is difficult, which impact on deepwater wellbore integrity seriously.
Simple diagram of a drilling rig and its basic operation. The kelly drive is #19. A kelly drive is a type of well drilling device on an oil or gas drilling rig that employs a section of pipe with a polygonal (three-, four-, six-, or eight-sided) or splined outer surface, which passes through the matching polygonal or splined kelly (mating) bushing and rotary table.