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In computing and graph theory, a dynamic connectivity structure is a data structure that dynamically maintains information about the connected components of a graph. The set V of vertices of the graph is fixed, but the set E of edges can change.
When performed with a single rounding, it is called a fused multiply–add (FMA) or fused multiply–accumulate (FMAC). Modern computers may contain a dedicated MAC, consisting of a multiplier implemented in combinational logic followed by an adder and an accumulator register that stores the result.
In mathematics and computer science, optimal addition-chain exponentiation is a method of exponentiation by a positive integer power that requires a minimal number of multiplications. Using the form of the shortest addition chain, with multiplication instead of addition, computes the desired exponent (instead of multiple) of the base.
Bellman, Richard (1954), "The theory of dynamic programming", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 60 (6): 503– 516, doi: 10.1090/S0002-9904-1954-09848-8, MR 0067459. Includes an extensive bibliography of the literature in the area, up to the year 1954. Bellman, Richard (1957), Dynamic Programming, Princeton University Press.
Given a solution to the SubsetSumPositive instance, adding the −T yields a solution to the SubsetSumZero instance. Conversely, given a solution to the SubsetSumZero instance, it must contain the − T (since all integers in S are positive), so to get a sum of zero, it must also contain a subset of S with a sum of + T , which is a solution of ...
Using this cost function, we can write a dynamic programming algorithm to find the fastest way to concatenate a sequence of strings. However, this optimization is rather useless because we can straightforwardly concatenate the strings in time proportional to the sum of their lengths. A similar problem exists for singly linked lists.