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The history of ceramic repair is vast and ranges from different methods and methodologies. For example, in 16th century China, people would repair broken ceramics by using pieces from other objects to disguise the patch. A sixteenth-century manuscript describes the process of patching broken ceramics:
Another factor in stain removal is the fact that stains can sometimes comprise two separate staining agents, which require separate forms of removal. A machine oil stain could also contain traces of metal, for example. [1] Also of concern is the color of the material that is stained. Some stain removal agents will not only dissolve the stain ...
Ceramic fixtures are being more commonly glazed with 2 part epoxy compounds. The first component is a clear or opaque resin combined with a catalyst or hardener. The proper procedure requires that the nonporous fixture be sand blasted to create a rough surface for the epoxy primer to adhere to. Once the primer has dried the topcoat is applied.
Crazing is a spider web pattern of cracks penetrating the glaze. It is caused by tensile stresses greater than the glaze is able to withstand. [1] [2] Common reasons for such stresses are: a mismatch between the thermal expansions of glaze and body; from moisture expansion of the body; and in the case of glazed tiles fixed to a wall, movement of the wall or of the bonding material used to fix ...
The second active ingredient is an organic solvent such as 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, trade name butyl cellosolve) that acts as a wetting agent and provides a protective primer layer in conjunction with an organic polymer emulsion.
The removal method is controlled by the type of penetrant used. Water-washable, solvent-removable, lipophilic post-emulsifiable, or hydrophilic post-emulsifiable are the common choices. Emulsifiers represent the highest sensitivity level, and chemically interact with the oily penetrant to make it removable with a water spray.
Epoxy is the family of basic components or cured end products of epoxy resins. Epoxy resins, also known as polyepoxides, are a class of reactive prepolymers and polymers which contain epoxide groups. The epoxide functional group is also collectively called epoxy. [1] The IUPAC name for an epoxide group is an oxirane.
A metal damp proof course (DPC) between the stone foundation and brick wall. Damp proofing in construction is a type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to prevent moisture from passing into the interior spaces.