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A USB-to-serial adapter or simply USB adapter is a type of protocol converter that is used for converting USB data signals to and from serial communications standards (serial ports). Most commonly the USB data signals are converted to either RS-232 , RS-485 , RS-422 , or TTL-level UART serial data.
FTDI TTL-232RG: USB to UART cable FTDI FT232RL: USB to UART IC (in SSOP package) Internal die of FTDI FT232RL chip FTDI was founded on 13 March 1992 [3] by its current CEO, Fred Dart (whose initials happen to be "FTD").
Early Arduino boards used the FTDI USB-to-UART serial chip and an ATmega168. [10] The Uno differed from all preceding boards by featuring the ATmega328P microcontroller and an ATmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. In June 2023, Arduino released two new flavors of the Uno; R4 Minima and R4 Wifi.
Freeduino Serial is a low cost Freeduino board with serial DB9 connector. Uses the MAX232 chip for serial connectivity. Freeduino NANO [174] ATmega328 Bhasha Technologies [176] Freeduino nano designed in India, completely breadboard friendly, elegant and compact design. Freeduino Nano is a low cost Arduino Nano compatible board with mini USB ...
Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232.
Starting in the 2000s, most IBM PC compatible computers removed their external RS-232 COM ports and used USB ports that can send data faster. For users who still need RS-232 serial ports, external USB-to-UART bridges are now commonly used. They combine the hardware cables and a chip to do the USB and UART conversion.
An FTDI FT232RL on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with the Arduino firmware) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board.
The PICkit 2 has a separate programmer/debugger unit which plugs into the board carrying the chip to be programmed, whereas the PICkit 1 is a single unit. This makes it possible to use the programmer with a custom circuit board via an in-circuit serial programming (ICSP) header.