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Dissection of a frog. Pain is an aversive sensation and feeling associated with actual, or potential, tissue damage. [1] It is widely accepted by a broad spectrum of scientists and philosophers that non-human animals can perceive pain, including pain in amphibians.
A sciatic nerve injury occurs between 0.5% and 2.0% of the time during a hip replacement. [7] Sciatic nerve palsy is a complication of total hip arthroplasty with an incidence of 0.2% to 2.8% of the time, or with an incidence of 1.7% to 7.6% following revision.
The frog's legs twitched as the discharge happened. [6] Galvani found that he could make the prepared leg of a frog (see the Construction section) twitch by connecting a metal circuit from a nerve to a muscle, thus inventing the first frog galvanoscope. [7] Galvani published these results in 1791 in De viribus electricitatis. [8]
In 1898, British scientist John Newport Langley first coined the term "autonomic" in classifying the connections of nerve fibers to peripheral nerve cells. [3] Previous researchers had utilized different terms such as "the sympathetic nerves" [Winslow et al.] to describe the way in which neurons in one part of the body brought about sympathetic reactions in another part of the body, as well as ...
The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Nerves that exit from the brain are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves. The nervous system consists of nervous tissue which, at a cellular level, is defined by the presence of a special type of cell, called the ...
Criteria that may indicate a potential for experiencing pain include: [7] Has a suitable nervous system and receptors; Physiological changes to noxious stimuli; Displays protective motor reactions that might include reduced use of an affected area such as limping, rubbing, holding or autotomy
The olfactory system is the sensory system used for olfaction, or the sense of smell. It detects volatile, airborne substances. It detects volatile, airborne substances. Most sensory systems spatially segregate afferent input from primary sensory neurons to construct a topographic map that defines the location of a sensory stimulus within the ...
In the nervous system, there is a "closed loop" system of sensation, decision, and reactions. This process is carried out through the activity of sensory neurons, interneurons , and motor neurons . A touch or painful stimulus, for example, creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent ...