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High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
The increased levels of these hormones during breastfeeding have a beneficial effect on the mother's mental health. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 3 ] When exposed to physical or psychological stress, breastfeeding mothers also have a reduced cortisol response due to decreased production of stress hormones and improvements in their sleep.
Breastfeeding decreases the risk of respiratory tract infections and diarrhea, both in developing and developed countries. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Other benefits include lower risks of asthma , food allergies , and type 1 diabetes .
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Breast, bottle, whatever: How You Feed is a shame-free series on how babies eat. Ten years ago, Time magazine's cover featured mom Jamie Lynne Grumet with her 4-year-old son nursing while standing ...
It is possible for a mother to continue breastfeeding an older sibling while also breastfeeding a new baby; this is called tandem nursing. During the late stages of pregnancy, the milk changes to colostrum. While some children continue to breastfeed even with this change, others may wean. Most mothers can produce enough milk for tandem nursing ...
Various vitamins are recommended for breastfeeding mothers, including vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, and vitamin B. [9] Maternal vitamin A is supplied to infants to strengthen body development, especially lungs. [37] Vitamin D maintains the balance between calcium and phosphate level to promote formation of infants' skeleton and skeletal muscle.
It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate energy supply to the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. It was identified in 1963. [2]