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P. multocida is the cause of a range of diseases in mammals and birds, including fowl cholera in poultry, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, and bovine hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. It can also cause a zoonotic infection in humans, which typically is a result of bites or scratches from domestic pets.
Fowl cholera is also called avian cholera, avian pasteurellosis and avian hemorrhagic septicemia. [1] It is the most common pasteurellosis of poultry. As the causative agent is Pasteurella multocida, it is considered to be a zoonosis. Adult birds and old chickens are more susceptible. In parental flocks, cocks are far more susceptible than hens ...
Pasteurellosis is an infection with a species of the bacterial genus Pasteurella, [1] which is found in humans and other animals.. Pasteurella multocida (subspecies P. m. septica and P. m. multocida) is carried in the mouth and respiratory tract of various animals, including pigs. [2]
Cholera is caused by a number of types of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others. [2] It is spread mostly by unsafe water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria. [2] Undercooked shellfish is a common source. [9] Humans are the only known host for the bacteria. [2]
Some strains of V. cholerae are pathogenic to humans and cause a deadly disease called cholera, which can be derived from the consumption of undercooked or raw marine life species or drinking contaminated water. [2] V. cholerae was first described by Félix-Archimède Pouchet in 1849 as some kind of protozoa.
Its effects are most notable in domestic poultry due to their high susceptibility and the potential for severe impacts of an epizootic on the poultry industries. It is endemic to many countries. No treatment for VND is known, but the use of prophylactic vaccines [ 3 ] and sanitary measures reduces the likelihood of outbreaks.
The main side effects that could be experienced include mild abdominal pain or diarrhea. [10] The first cholera vaccines were developed in the late 19th century. [16] They were the first widely used vaccines that were made in a laboratory but were largely abandoned in the 1970s due to their then-documented reactogenicity and poor efficacy. [16]
In the developing world, especially sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, cholera is a common cause of gastroenteritis. This infection is usually transmitted by contaminated water or food. [31] Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile is an important cause of diarrhea that occurs more often in the elderly. [17]