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A 2014 meta-analysis of 99 studies from 1960 to 2011 found that men are seen as more effective in the oldest studies, and women are seen as more effective between 1982 and 2011. Evaluations by other people find that women are more effective leaders than men, especially in business and educational contexts and at mid-level and upper-level positions.
Women achieve disproportionately less prestige and success in academia than their male counterparts. [41] They are less likely to be tenured and to receive promotions to more influential or powerful positions. [42] Women in academia also earn a lower income, on average, than their male counterparts, even when adjusted. [42]
Serano argues that women wanting to be like men is consistent with the idea that maleness is more valued in contemporary culture than femaleness, whereas men being willing to give up masculinity in favour of femininity directly threatens the notion of male superiority as well as the idea that men and women should be opposites.
Women and development (WAD) is a theoretical and practical approach to development. It was introduced into gender studies scholarship in the second half of the 1970s, following its origins, which can be traced to the First World Conference on Women in Mexico City in 1975, [27] organized by the UN. [28]
This is because women are perceived as less competitive and dominant than men and are thought to be less likely to display dominance (Burgoon et al., as cited by Youngquist, 2009); a woman who displays dominance might potentially be perceived as more dominant than a man displaying the same behavior because her behavior will be seen as unusual ...
Males are more dominant than females, and they possess more political power and occupy higher status positions illustrating the iron law of androcracy. [18] As a role gets more powerful, Putnam’s law of increasing disproportion [19] becomes applicable and the probability the role is occupied by a hegemonic group member increases. [20] [21]
For instance, a recent Varo Bank survey found that women are significantly more likely than men to be living paycheck-to-paycheck, with 59% of female respondents saying as much compared to 41% of men.
Gender is used as a means of describing the distinction between the biological sex and socialized aspects of femininity and masculinity. [9] According to West and Zimmerman, gender is not a personal trait; it is "an emergent feature of social situations: both as an outcome of and a rationale for various social arrangements, and as a means of legitimating one of the most fundamental divisions ...