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The \n escape sequence allows for shorter code by specifying the newline in the string literal, and for faster runtime by eliminating the text formatting operation. Also, the compiler can map the escape sequence to a character encoding system other than ASCII and thus make the code more portable.
The backslash (\) escape character typically provides two ways to include double-quotes inside a string literal, either by modifying the meaning of the double-quote character embedded in the string (\" becomes "), or by modifying the meaning of a sequence of characters including the hexadecimal value of a double-quote character (\x22 becomes ...
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
Code point: decimal 7, hexadecimal 0x07; ... An escape sequence, as in C/C++ character string codes: \a, \007, \x07, etc. How control characters map to keyboards
Makes the current line use characters twice as tall. This code is for the top half. [50] ESC # 4: DECDHL: DEC Double-Height Letters, Bottom Half: Makes the current line use characters twice as tall. This code is for the bottom half. [50] ESC # 5: DECSWL: DEC Single-Width Line Makes the current line use single-width characters, per the default ...
In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...
double in hexadecimal notation, starting with 0x or 0X. a uses lower-case letters, A uses upper-case letters. [20] [21] (C++11's std:: iostream class provides a hexfloat that works the same). n: Print nothing, but writes the number of characters written so far into an integer pointer parameter. In Java this prints a newline. [22]
UTF-8 (u8) character literals [10] [13] (UTF-8 string literals have existed since C++11; C++17 adds the corresponding character literals for consistency, though as they are restricted to a single byte they can only store "Basic Latin" and C0 control codes, i.e. ASCII) Hexadecimal floating-point literals [14] [15]