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Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K 1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement. [6] [7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [8] It is used to treat certain bleeding disorders, [7] including warfarin overdose, vitamin K deficiency, and obstructive jaundice. [7]
MK-4 is the major form of Vitamin K in vertebrate animals, including humans and common forms of meat animals. It is produced via conversion of vitamin K 1 in the body, specifically in the testes, pancreas and arterial walls. [2] The conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, occurring in germ-free rats [3] [4] and in parenterally-administered ...
Menadione is converted to vitamin K 2 (specifically, MK-4) by the prenyltransferase action of vertebrate UBIAD1. [4] This reaction requires the hydroquinone (reduced) form of K 3, menadiol, produced by NQO1. [6] Menadione is also a circulating form of vitamin K, produced in small amounts (1–5%) after intestinal absorption of K 1 and K 2.
The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources Year of discovery Vitamin Food source 1913: Vitamin A (Retinol) Cod liver oil: 1910: Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) Rice bran: 1920: Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Citrus, most fresh foods 1920: Vitamin D (Calciferol) Cod liver oil 1920: Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) Meat, dairy products, eggs: 1922: Vitamin ...
Vitamin K 1-deficiency may occur by disturbed intestinal uptake (such as would occur in a bile duct obstruction), by therapeutic or accidental intake of a vitamin K 1-antagonist such as warfarin, or, very rarely, by nutritional vitamin K 1 deficiency. As a result, Gla-residues are inadequately formed and the Gla-proteins are insufficiently active.