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The angle between cylinder banks is called the 'bank angle'. Engines with multiple banks are shorter than straight engines of the same size, and will often have better engine balance characteristics, resulting in reduced engine vibration and potentially higher maximum engine speeds.
A simple three-into-one exhaust for each cylinder bank provides uniform scavenging, since the engine is effectively behaving like two separate straight-three engines in this regard. Primary reciprocating plane and rotating plane imbalances are present due to the distance along the crankshaft between opposing cylinders.
V6 engines are inherently unbalanced, regardless of the V-angle. Any inline engine with an odd number of cylinders has a primary imbalance, which causes an end-to-end rocking motion. As each cylinder bank in a V6 has three cylinders, each cylinder bank experiences this motion. [8]
Then, using the triangle law of sines, it is found that the rod-vertical angle is 18.60639° and the crank-rod angle is 88.21832°. Clearly, in this example, the angle between the crank and the rod is not a right angle. Summing the angles of the triangle 88.21832° + 18.60639° + 73.17530° gives 180.00000°.
This angle results in good engine balance, which results in low vibrations. [5] However, the downside is the greater width of the engine compared to those that use a smaller V-angle. V8 engines with a 60-degree V-angle were used in the 1996–1999 Ford Taurus SHO, the 2005–2011 Volvo XC90, and the 2006–2009 Volvo S80.
The most common crossplane crankshaft for a 90° V8 engine has four crankpins, each serving two cylinders on opposing banks, offset at 90° from the adjacent crankpins.The first and last of the four crank pins are at 180° with respect to each other as are the second and third, with each pair at 90° to the other, so that viewed from the end the crankshaft forms a cross.
In this regard, the six cylinder boxer engine is the same as a flat-four boxer engine, which also does not experience any rocking couple. [2] These characteristics result in low vibration for flat-six engines (as in straight-six engines), especially when compared with the imbalances that are present in V6 engines with a 90-degree bank angle.
The cylinder heads contain four valves per cylinder actuated by dual overhead camshafts which are driven by a timing belt. These engines, however, differed from many modern V6 engines in that it has a 54-degree cylinder bank angle as opposed to the more conventional 60-degree or 90-degree setup.