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An electrical ballast is a device placed in series with a load to limit the amount of current in an electrical circuit. A familiar and widely used example is the inductive ballast used in fluorescent lamps to limit the current through the tube, which would otherwise rise to a destructive level due to the negative differential resistance of the ...
Encoder receiver transmitter (ERT) is a packet radio protocol developed by Itron for automatic meter reading. [1] The technology is used to transmit data from utility meters over a short range so a utility vehicle can collect meter data without a worker physically inspecting each meter. The ERT protocol was first described in U.S. patent ...
Nonintrusive load monitoring was invented by George W. Hart, Ed Kern and Fred Schweppe of MIT in the early 1980s with funding from the Electric Power Research Institute. [3] [4] Figure 1 from US patent 4858141 showing basic process for NILM. The basic process is described in U.S. patent 4,858,141. As shown in figure 1 from the patent, a digital ...
North American domestic analog (Ferraris disk) electricity meter. Electricity meter with transparent plastic case (Israel) An electricity meter, electric meter, electrical meter, energy meter, or kilowatt-hour meter is a device that measures the amount of electric energy consumed by a residence, a business, or an electrically powered device over a time interval.
Switching action of electrical circuitry, including inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, or electric motors. Power line surges/pulses; Electrostatic discharge (ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into close proximity or contact. Lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP), although typically a short series of pulses.
This type of ballast is common in 220–240V countries (And in North America, up to 30W lamps). Ballasts are rated for the size of lamp and power frequency. In North America, the AC voltage is insufficient to start long fluorescent lamps, so the ballast is often a step-up autotransformer with substantial leakage inductance (to limit current flow).
In semiconductor devices, problems in the device package may cause failures due to contamination, mechanical stress of the device, or open or short circuits. Failures most commonly occur near the beginning and near the ending of the lifetime of the parts, resulting in the bathtub curve graph of failure rates.
ANSI C12.20 is an ANSI standard that describes an American National Standard for Electricity Meters - accuracy and performance. The C12.20 standard established the physical aspects and performance criteria for a meter's accuracy class. It refines certain details in ANSI C12.1 and ANSI C12.10. The existing ANSI accuracy classes for electric ...