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A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief (Arabic: الإرشاد إلى قواطع الأدلة في أصول الاعتقاد, romanized: Al-Irshad ila Qawati' al-Adilla fi Usul al-I'tiqad), commonly known simply as Al-Irshad ("The Guide"), is a major classic of Islamic theology.
Schools of Islamic theology are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding creed. The main schools of Islamic theology include the extant Mu'tazili , Ash'ari , Maturidi , and Athari schools; the extinct ones include the Qadari , Jahmi , Murji' , and Batini schools.
Māturīdī theology is considered one of the orthodox creeds of Sunni Islam alongside the Ashʿarī theology, [54] and prevails in the Ḥanafī school of Islamic jurisprudence. [54] Points which differ are the nature of belief and the place of human reason.
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
Ash'arism (/ æ ʃ ə ˈ r iː /; [1] Arabic: الأشعرية, romanized: al-Ashʿariyya) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, a Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian, [2] in the 9th–10th century. [5]
Aqidah comes from the Semitic root ʿ-q-d, which means "to tie; knot". [6] (" Aqidah" used not only as an expression of a school of Islamic theology or belief system, but as another word for "theology" in Islam, as in: "Theology (Aqidah) covers all beliefs and belief systems of Muslims, including sectarian differences and points of contention".) [7]
Specialists in Islamic studies concentrate on the detailed, academic study of texts written in Arabic within the fields of Islamic theology, Islamic law, and the Qur'an and Hadith along with ancillary disciplines such as Tafsir or Qur'an Exegesis.
The Athari school is one of three schools of doctrine in Islam alongside the Ash'ari creed and the Maturidi creed. Atharis are against the usage of metaphorical interpretation [ 3 ] such as regarding the revealed attributes of God, and they do not make attempts to conceptualize the meanings of the Quran in a rational manner.