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A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
A typical flow battery consists of two tanks of liquids which are pumped past a membrane held between two electrodes. [1]A flow battery, or redox flow battery (after reduction–oxidation), is a type of electrochemical cell where chemical energy is provided by two chemical components dissolved in liquids that are pumped through the system on separate sides of a membrane.
A cathode-flow lithium-iodine (Li–I) battery uses the triiodide/iodide (I3 − /I −) redox couple in aqueous solution.It has energy density of 0.33 kWh/kg because of the solubility of LiI in aqueous solution (≈8.2M) and its power density of 130 mW/cm 2 at a current rate of 60 mA/cm 2, 328 K.
Lithium-ion batteries [ edit ] One of the largest and most diverse uses of the intercalation process by the early 2020s is in lithium-ion electrochemical energy storage , in the batteries used in many handheld electronic devices, mobility devices , electric vehicles , and utility-scale battery electric storage stations .
By using lithium-ion battery active materials, the energy density of the flow battery system can be significantly improved. An aqueous system was also demonstrated besides the organic one. [3] Other chemistries have also been explored for this system, such as sodium-ion battery, lithium-sulfur battery, and others.
The potassium-ion battery delivers around a million cycles, due to the extraordinary electrochemical stability of potassium insertion/extraction materials such as Prussian blue. [45] The sodium-ion battery is meant for stationary storage and competes with lead–acid batteries. It aims at a low total cost of ownership per kWh of storage.
Lithium–silicon batteries are lithium-ion batteries that employ a silicon-based anode, and lithium ions as the charge carriers. [1] Silicon based materials, generally, have a much larger specific capacity, for example, 3600 mAh/g for pristine silicon. [ 2 ]
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (abbreviated NMC, Li-NMC, LNMC, or NCM) are mixed metal oxides of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt with the general formula LiNi x Mn y Co 1-x-y O 2. These materials are commonly used in lithium-ion batteries for mobile devices and electric vehicles , acting as the positively charged cathode .