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The basis of laser treatment is to try to heat the nail bed to these temperatures in order to disrupt fungal growth. [49] As of 2013 research into laser treatment seemed promising. [2] There is also ongoing development in photodynamic therapy, which uses laser or LED light to activate photosensitisers that eradicate fungi. [50]
If the ingrown toenail recurs despite this treatment, destruction of the germinal matrix with phenol is recommended. [1] As an alternative, one may use 10% sodium hydroxide which is less toxic [2] or trichloroacetic acid which may give faster healing time. [3] Antibiotics are not needed if surgery is performed.
In 2015, the cost of treatment with efinaconazole in the United States was said to be US$2,307 per nail. [13] In 2019, a study by the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health found the cost for a 48-week course to be $178 for a big toe, and $89 for an other toe. [14]
Anatomy of the basic parts of a human nail.A. Nail plate; B. lunula; C. root; D. sinus; E. matrix; F. nail bed; G. eponychium; H. free margin. Onychia is an inflammation of the nail folds (surrounding tissue of the nail plate) of the nail with formation of pus and shedding of the nail.
Nail bracing is more conservative than surgery, but less widely used. Nail braces work by gently lifting the sides of the toenail and eventually retraining the nail to grow to a flatter shape over time. The total time needed for the nail to be reshaped is one full nail growth or about 18 months. [12]
Laser surgery is a type of surgery that cuts tissue using a laser in contrast to using a scalpel. [ 1 ] Soft-tissue laser surgery is used in a variety of applications in humans ( general surgery , neurosurgery , ENT , dentistry , orthodontics , [ 2 ] and oral and maxillofacial surgery ) as well as veterinary [ 3 ] surgical fields.