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The blue appearance of the oxide film is also used as an indication of temperature when tempering carbon steel after hardening, indicating a state of temper suitable for springs. Bluing is also used in seasoning carbon steel cookware, to render it relatively rust-proof and non-stick.
Petroleum-based rust-inhibitors provide several benefits, including the ability to creep over metal, covering missed areas. [citation needed] Additionally, a petroleum, solvent-free rust inhibitor remains on the metal surface, sealing it from rust-accelerating water and oxygen. Other benefits of petroleum-based rust protection include the self ...
Heavy rust on the links of a chain near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco; it was continuously exposed to moisture and salt spray, causing surface breakdown, cracking, and flaking of the metal. The chain was replaced in 2023. Rust scale forming and flaking off from a steel bar heated to its forging temperature of 1200°C. Rapid oxidation ...
Similarly, Baker and Dingman of the Parker Rust-Proof Company filed an improved manganese phosphating (Parkerizing) process patent in 1928 that reduced the processing time to 1 ⁄ 3 of the original time that had been required through heating the solution to a temperature in the precisely controlled range of 500 to 550 °F (260 to 288 °C).
The NaOH (caustic soda) and elevated temperature cause Fe 3 O 4 (black oxide) to form on the surface of the metal instead of Fe 2 O 3 (red oxide; rust). While it is physically denser than red oxide, the fresh black oxide is porous, so oil is then applied as post treatment to the heated part, which seals it by "sinking" into it.
At room temperature, type 304 stainless steel is only resistant to 3% acid, while type 316 is resistant to 3% acid up to 50 °C (120 °F) and 20% acid at room temperature. Thus type 304 SS is rarely used in contact with sulfuric acid. Type 904L and Alloy 20 are resistant to sulfuric acid at even higher concentrations above room temperature.