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The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories – sial (aluminium silicate) and sima (magnesium silicate). [13] It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity , [ 14 ] though the discontinuity is not distinct and can be absent in some continental regions.
The thickness of Earth's crust (km). The continental crust consists of various layers, with a bulk composition that is intermediate (SiO 2 wt% = 60.6). [5] The average density of the continental crust is about, 2.83 g/cm 3 (0.102 lb/cu in), [6] less dense than the ultramafic material that makes up the mantle, which has a density of around 3.3 g/cm 3 (0.12 lb/cu in).
Sima often takes the form of basalt when on the surface. In geology, sima (/ ˈ s aɪ m ə /) is an antiquated [1] blended term for the lower layer of Earth's crust. This layer is made of rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals. Typically, when the sima comes to the surface, it is basalt, so sometimes this layer is called the 'ocean layer' of ...
Because of the large pressures, over geologic time, the sima flows like a very viscous liquid, so, in a real sense, the sial floats on the sima, in isostatic equilibrium. [9] Mountains extend down as well as up, much like icebergs on the ocean; [9] so that on the continental plates, the sial runs between 5 km and 70 km deep. [10]
The sima runs around all four sides of a building. It may be made of terracotta or stone. There are two basic types of sima: The raking sima; The lateral sima; The raking sima is continuous and generally follows the slope of the roof. The lateral sima runs along the horizontal edges and is broken by downspouts to let out rainwater. [1]
Stiff diagrams can be used: 1) to help visualize ionically related waters from which a flow path can be determined, or; 2) if the flow path is known, to show how the ionic composition of a water body changes over space and/or time. Example of a Stiff diagram. A typical Stiff diagram is shown in the figure (right).
A cone with vertex N of a diagram D : J → C is a morphism from the constant diagram Δ(N) to D. The constant diagram is the diagram which sends every object of J to an object N of C and every morphism to the identity morphism on N. The limit of a diagram D is a universal cone to D. That is, a cone through which all other cones uniquely factor.
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