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In genetics, a maternal effect occurs when the phenotype of an organism is determined by the genotype of its mother. [1] For example, if a mutation is maternal effect recessive, then a female homozygous for the mutation may appear phenotypically normal, however her offspring will show the mutant phenotype, even if they are heterozygous for the mutation.
In plants, POC over the allocation of resources to the brood members may affect both brood size (number of seeds matured within a single fruit) and seed size. [3] Concerning brood size, the most economic use of maternal resources is achieved by packing as many seeds as possible in one fruit, i.e., minimizing the cost of packing per seed.
In maternal effect genes, the RNA or protein from the mother’s gene is deposited into the oocyte or embryo before the embryo can express its own zygotic genes. Hunchback is a morphogen, meaning the concentration gradient of Hunchback at a specific region determines the segment or body part it develops into.
Fertility declines have been seen during economic recessions. This phenomenon is seen as a result of pregnancy postponement, especially of first births. But this effect can be short-term and largely compensated for during later times of economic prosperity. [11] Increased unemployment is generally associated with lower fertility. [11]
The motherhood penalty refers to the economic disadvantages women face in the workplace as a result of becoming mothers. [1] [2] [3] This sociological concept highlights how working mothers often experience wage reductions, diminished perceived competence, and fewer career advancement opportunities compared to their childless counterparts.
1. These words are related to money, economics and/or the exchange of goods and services. 2. Fixtures/items that are attached or mounted to a similar surface. 3. Related to covert operations.
Citigroup, for example, remains part of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero, the wider climate initiative that houses NZBA and also includes coalitions of large asset managers and insurers.
Although cortisol has normative developmental effects during prenatal development, excess cortisol exposure has deleterious effects on fetal growth, [9] the postnatal function of physiological systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [10] and brain structure or connectivity (e.g., amygdala). [11] [12]