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For example, for a 12 gauge, the bore diameter of the barrel is nominally 18.5 mm (0.73 in), although different manufacturers do vary their as-manufactured bore from this diameter slightly. This is commonly called "overbore", when the as-built diameter exceeds the nominal actual diameter of 18.5 mm (0.73 in).
Gauge was determined from the weight of a solid sphere of lead that will fit the bore of the firearm and is expressed as the multiplicative inverse of the sphere's weight as a fraction of a pound, e.g., a one-twelfth pound lead ball fits a 12-gauge bore. Therefore with a 12-gauge, it would take 12 balls of lead of the same size as the 12 gauge ...
Military use of combat shotguns through the 20th century has created a need for ammunition maximizing the combat effectiveness of such weapons within the limitations of international law. 12-gauge has been widely accepted as an appropriate bore diameter to provide an effective number of projectiles within an acceptable recoil. Early 12-gauge ...
The short, fat, unaerodynamic Foster slug was no longer needed for its inherent stability; new slugs were smaller in diameter, usually around 10.16 to 12.7 millimeters (.40 to .50 caliber) (compared to the 18.5 millimeter (.73 inch) bore diameter of a 12 gauge), and carried in a plastic sabot.
Some newer 12 gauge and 20 gauge Citori models have back-bored barrels. These are barrels with slightly larger bore diameters. Their purpose is to improve shot patterns by reducing the friction of the shot charge on the barrel wall, while also reducing felt recoil. Models with back-bored barrels use Invector Plus choke tubes.
This measurement comes from the time when early cannons were designated in a similar manner—a "12 pounder" would be a cannon that fired a 12-pound (5.4 kg) cannonball; inversely, an individual "12-gauge" shot would in fact be a 1 ⁄ 12 pounder. Thus, a 10-gauge shotgun has a larger-diameter barrel than a 12-gauge shotgun, which has a larger ...
12 gauge Italy: 1990 Benelli Supernova: Benelli Armi: 12 gauge Italy: 2006 Benelli Vinci: Benelli Armi: 12 gauge Italy: 2009 Beretta 682: Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta: 12 gauge 20 gauge 28 gauge.410 bore Italy: 1984 Beretta 1201FP: Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta: 12 gauge Italy: 1980s Beretta A303: Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta: 12 gauge ...
A plain version of the Model 1100 in 12 gauge, named the Sportsman 12 Auto, was sold in stores such as Target, Kmart, and Walmart in the mid-1980s, along with the Sportsman 12 Pump, which was a plain Model 870. [citation needed] The Sportsman 12 Auto had less costly birch stocks and less rollmarking on the gun's receiver. These were simply ...